VITAMINS

The Vitamins are necessary auxiliaries in metabolism. They combine with specific proteins, as parts of various oxidative enzyme systems which are concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in the body. Thus, they are intimately involved in the mechanism which releases energy, carbon dioxide and water as the end products of metabolism.

Vitamins can be broadly divided into Fat Soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins. Vitamins A D E and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B ( B1 B2 B6 B12 ) and C are water-soluble.

Vitamin - A
Year	1913
	Retinol
Main Metabolic Function	Essential for normal growth and development. For normal function of epithelical cells and normal development of teeth and bones. Prevents Night blindness.
Deficiency - Effects	Retarded growth. Reduced resistance to infection. Abnormal function of gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts due to altered epithelial membranes. Interferes with production of "night purple".
Available	Milk, Egg yolk, Ghee, Butter, Carrots, Tomatoes, Leafy and Yellow vegetables, Cod liver oil and Fresh fruits.
Nature	Fat-Soluble
Year	1936
	Thiamin
Main Metabolic Function	An important aid in carbohydrate metabolism. Needed for Proper functioning of the digestive tract and nervous system. Beriberi. Loss of muscle.
Deficiency - Effects	Loss of appetite. Impaired digestion of starches and sugars. Various nervous disorder coordination.
Available	Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature	Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B2
Year	1935
	Riboflavin
Main Metabolic Function	Needed in formation of certain enzymes and in cellular oxidation. Prevents inflammation of oral mucous membranes and the tongue.
Deficiency - Effects	Impaired growth, lassitude and weakness. Causes cheillosis or glossittis. May result in Photophobia and cataracts.
Available	Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature	Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B6
Year	1934
	Pyridoxine
Main Metabolic Function	Acts as do other B vitamins. To break down protein, carbohydrate and fat. Acts as a catalyst in the formation of niacin from tryptophan.
Deficiency - Effects	Increased irritability, convulsions and peripheral neuritis. Anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Available	Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature	Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B12
Year	1948
	Cyanocobalamin
Main Metabolic Function	Essential for development of red blood cells. Required for maintenance of skin, nerve tissues, bone and muscles.
Deficiency - Effects	Results in pernicious anaemia. Weakness, fatigue, sore and cracked lips.
Available	Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature	Water-Soluble
Vitamin - C
Year	1919
	Ascorbic Acid
Main Metabolic Function	Needed for form the cementing substance, collagen, in various tissues (skin, dentine, cartilage and bone matrix). Assists in woundhealing and bone fractures.
Deficiency - Effects	Lowered resistance to infections. Susceptibility to dental cavities, pyotthea and bleeding gums. Delayed wound healing. Specific treatment for Scurvy.
Available	Fresh vegetables, Lemon, Orange, Tomatoes, Cabbage , Turnip and Lettuce (Beetroot).
Nature	Water-Soluble
Year	1925
	Cholecalciferol
Main Metabolic Function	Requlates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestinal tract. Affords antiachitic activity.
Deficiency - Effects	Interferes with utilisation of calcium and phosphorus in bone and teeth formation. Development of bone disease, rickets and caries.
Available	Butter, Milk, Ghee, Cod liver oil, Yolk of Eggs and also in Sunrays.
Nature	Fat-Soluble
Vitamin - E
Year	1936
	Tocopherols
Main Metabolic Function	Protects tissues, cell membranes and Vitamin A against peroxidation. Helps strengthen red blood cells.
Deficiency - Effects	Decreased red blood cell resistance to rupture.
Available	Germinating Wheat.
Nature	Fat-Soluble
Vitamin - K
Year	1935
	Phytomenadione
Main Metabolic Function	Essential for formation of normal amounts of prothrombin and blood coagulation.
Deficiency - Effects	diminished blood clotting time. Increased incidence of hemorrhages.
Available	Fish, Wheat and Oats.
Nature	Fat-Soluble

SOLAR SYSTEM

Pluto			Diameter	3,040 Kilometer
			Moons	1
			Avg.Distance to Sun	5,865.5 million KM
			Time to Orbit the Sun	248 Years
			Facts	This Planet is the farthest, the smallest, the darkest, the coldest and arguably the strangest. It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit in the solar system. Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size - appears like a bi-planet. NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned that Pluto is shrouded in frozen nitrogen- not methane as once thought. Nitrogen makes 78% of the air.

Neptune			Diameter	49,000 Kilometer
			Moons	8
			Avg.Distance to Sun	4,497 million KM
			Time to Orbit the Sun	165 Years
			Facts	It is denser & little smaller than Uranus. Its Atmosphere appear blue, with quickly changing white clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface. Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. It Emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives from the sun and the Aurora phenomenon was noticed by Voyager II.

Uranus			Diameter	52,096 Kilometer
			Moons	17
			Avg.Distance to Sun	2,852.8 million KM
			Time to Orbit the Sun	84 Years
			Facts	Waterly Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side. One pole, than the other, faces the Sun as it orbits. Voyager-I found nine dark, compact rings around the planet and a corkscrew-shaped magnetic field that stretches millions of kilometers.

Mars			Diameter	6,755.2 Kilometer
			Moons	2
			Avg.Distance to Sun	225.6 million KM
			Time to Orbit the Sun	687 Days
			Facts	The Viking probes failed to Beneath its thin atmosphere. Mars is barren, covered with pink soil and boulders. Long ago it was active, the surface is marked with dormant volcanoes and deep chasms where water once freely flowed.

Venus			Diameter	12,032 Kilometer
			Moons	None
			Avg.Distance to Sun	107.52 million KM
			Time to Orbit the Sun	225 Days
			Facts	Earth's twin in size and mass, sparingly hot Venus is perpetually veiled behind reflective sulfuric-acid clouds. Probes and radar mapping have pierced the clouds and carbon-dioxide environment to reveal flat, rocky plains & signs of volcanic activity.

Mercury			Diameter	4,849.6 Kilometer
			Moons	None
			Avg.Distance to Sun	57.6 million KM
			Time to Orbit the Sun	88 Days
			Facts	Tiny Mercury, slightly larger than Earth's moon. Races along its elliptical orbital 1,76,000 kilometer per hour. A speed that keeps it from being drawn into the Sun's gravity field. The crated planet has no atmosphere, days are scorching hot and nights, frigid.

Earth			Diameter	12,732.2 Kilometer
			Moons	1
			Avg.Distance to Sun	148.8 million KM
			Time to Orbit the Sun	365 Days
			Facts	Uniquely moderate temperature and the presence of oxygen and copious water maker Earth the only planet in the solar system to support life.

Jupiter			Diameter	1,41,968 Kilometer
			Moons	16
			Avg.Distance to Sun	772.8 million KM
			Time to Orbit the Sun	11.9 Years
			Facts	Two Pioneer space probes photographed the Great Red Spot on the Solar system's largest planet. Voyagers I and II later showed it is an enormous eddy in the turbulent cloud cover. Earth the only planet in the solar system to support life. They also spotted dusty rings, three new moons and volcanoes on the Moon.

Saturn			Diameter	1,19,296 Kilometer
			Moons	20 or more
			Avg.Distance to Sun	1,417.6 million KM
			Time to Orbit the Sun	29.5 Years
			Facts	Voyager I found that the celebrated rings of the golden giant Saturn are composed of thousands of rippling, spiraling bands just 100 feets thick. The moon Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbons.

Sun			Diameter	13,84,000 Kilometer
			Statellites	9 Planets
			Age	4.5 billion years
			Facts	A rather ordinary, middle age star, the gaseous sun may reach a temperature of 27-millon degrees Celsius at its core. Its 11 years cycle is now approaching a solar maximum, a period marked by frequent sunspots and flares. On Earth, some radio waves will be disturbed and the amazing sky streamers called Northern Lights will appear.

National Surveys and Other Institutions in India

Institution	Place
Atomic Energy Commission	Bombay
Bhabha Atomic Research Center	Trombay (Bombay)
Botanical Survey of India	Calcutta
Birbal Sahni Indtitute for Palaeobotanoy	Lucknow
Bose Research Institute	Calcutta
Indian Association for the Cultivation of science	Calcutta
Indian National Science Academy	New Delhi
Indian National Science Congress Association	Calcutta
National Atlas Organisation	Calcutta
Raman Research Institute	Bangalore
Survey of India	Dehra Dun
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Zoology	Delhi
Zoological Survey of India	Calcutta

SCIENTIFIC MEASURES

AMPERE:
Unit of electric current. It is approximately equal to the flow of 6 x 1018 electrons per second.

ATOMIC WEIGHT:
The weight of an atom of hydrogen is taken as the standard; the respective weights of the atoms of all other substances are expressed in terms of it. So when it is stated that the atomic weight of iron is 56, it is meant that the atom of iron is 56 times as heavy as the atom of hydrogen.

ANGSTROM:
The unit of wavelength of light is Angstrom. 1 Angstrom = 10-8 cm. There is a bigger unit for measuring the wavelength of infrared light; it is called a milli-micron and is equal to 10-7 cm. Micron =10-4 cm, is a still bigger unit. Bar is the unit of atmospheric pressure; one bar is equal to a pressure of 106 dynes per sq cm.

CALORY
Calory is the unit of heat. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature or one gram of water through 1 C.

HORSE POWER:
The practical unit of power - the power of an agent which can work at the rate of 550 foot-pounds per second or 33,000 foot-pounds per minute. 1 HP=746 watts.

JOULE
Joule is the unit of work or energy. It is equal to 107 ergs. It is the energy consumed in one second in an electrical circuit through which a current energy of one ampere is flowing against a potential difference of one volt.

KNOT
Knot is a measure to know the speed of a ship.

LIGHT YEAR:
A light year is the distance light travels in one mean solar year, at speed of 1, 86,000 miles per second. It is equal to 5,880,000,000,000 miles. It is used as a unit for measuring stellar distances.

NAUTICAL MILE:
A unit of distance used in navigation - one minute of longitude measured along the Equator. A Nautical Mile is approximately equal to 6, 080 feet.

PRESSURE:
The pressure is expressed in pounds weight per sq cm. The pressure of the atmosphere is expressed in millibars. One millibar = 1 dyne per sq cm. If the pressure are very high, they are expressed in multiples of atmospheric pressure. 1 atmosphere is a pressure exerted by a column of mercury 76 cm high at sea level and at a latitude of 45 .

QUINTAL:
Metric measure of weight; 100 kilograms = 1 quintal.

VOLT:
The unit of potential difference. It is that much potential difference which when applied to the ends of an electrical conductor of resistance one ohm, the amount of energy consumed in the circuit in one second is one Joule (=107 ergs).

WATT:
Unit of power - the rate of work done in joules per second; the energy expended per second by an unvarying electric current of 1 ampere.

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES

Altimeter is a special type of aneroid barometer, used in measuring altitudes.

Ammeter is an instrument to measure the strength of an electric current.

Anemometer is an instrument to measure the velocity and find the direction of the wind.

Audiometer is an instrument to measure difference in hearing.

Barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure.

Binocular is an optical instrument designed for magnified view of distant objects by both eyes simultaneously.

Calorimeter is an instrument for measuring quantities of heat.

Chronometer is a clock to determine longitude of a vessel of sea.

Clinical Thermometer is a thermometer for measuring the temperature of human body.

Calorimeter is an instrument for comparing intensities of colour.

Commutator is an instrument to change of reverse the direction of an electric current. In dynamo used to convert the alternating current into direct current.

Computer is a technical device designed to find instantaneous solutions of huge and complex calculation based on the information already fed.

Dynamo is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Electroscope is an instrument for detecting the presence of electric charge.

Galvanometer is an instrument for measuring electric current.

Hydrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of liquids.

Hydrophone is an instrument for measuring sound under water.

Hygrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere.

Hygroscope is an instrument to show the changes in atmospheric humidity.

Lactometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of milk.

Micrometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring small distances or angles.

Manometer is instrument to measure the pressure of gases.

Magnetometer is an instrument used to compare the magnetic moments and fields,

Mariner's Compass is an apparatus for determining direction, graduated to indicate 33 directions. The "N" point on the dial indicates north pole and the "S" point, south pole.

Microscope is an instrument for magnified view of very small objects.

Periscope is an apparatus for viewing objects lying above the eye level of the observer and whose direct vision is obstructed. It consists of a tube bent twice at right angles and having plane mirrors at these bends inclined at angles of 45 to the tube.

Photometer is an instrument for comparing the luminous intensity of the sources of light.

Planimeter is a mechanical integrating instrument to measure area of a plane surface.

Pyknometer is an instrument used to measure the density and co-efficient of expansion of liquid.

Pyrheliometer is an instrument for measuring solar radiations.

Pyrometers are thermometers to measure high temperatures.

Quadrant is an instrument for measuring altitudes and angles in navigation and astronomy.

Quartz clock is a highly accurate clock used in astronomical observations and other precision work.

Radio micrometer is an instrument for measuring heat radiations.

Rain gauge is an instrument for measuring rainfall.

Refractometer is an instrument used to measure the refractive index of a substance.

Resistance thermometer is used for determining the electrical resistance of conductor.

Salinometer is a type of hydrometer used to determine the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their densities.

Seismograph is an instrument used for recording the intensity and origin of earthquake shocks.

Sextant is an instrument used for measurement of angular distances between two objects.

Spectroscope is an instrument used for spectrum analysis.

Spectrometer is a type of spectroscope so calibrated as to make it suitable for the precise measurement of refractive indices.

Spherometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring the curvature of spherical objects.

Sphygmomanometer is an apparatus for measuring blood pressure.

Spring balance is used to measure the mass of a body. It is preferred only when quick but approximate determinations are to be carried out.

Stereoscope is an optical device to see two dimensional pictures as having depth and solidity.

Stethoscope is a medical instrument for hearing and analyzing the sound of heart and lungs.

Stroboscope is an instrument used for viewing the objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest.

Tangent galvanometer is an instrument for measuring the strength of direct current.

Telemeter is an apparatus for recording physical events happening at a distance.

Teleprinter is a communication medium for automatic sending, receiving and printing of telegraphic message from distant places.

Telescope is an instrument for viewing distant objects as magnified.

Television is an instrument used for transmitting the visible moving images by means of wireless waves.

Thermometer is an instrument to measure the temperature.

Thermoscope is used for measuring the temperature change (approximately) of the substances by nothing the corresponding change in volume.

Thermostat is an automatic device for regulating constant tempera-tures.

Transistor is a small device which may be used to amplify currents and perform other functions usually performed by a thermionic value.

Vernier is an adjustable scale with marking of 10 sub-divisions of one-tenth of an inch or any other suitable marking for measuring small sub-divisions of scale.

Viscometer is an instrument for measuring the viscosity, i.e. the property of resistance of a fluid to relative motion within itself.

Voltmeter is an instrument to measure potential difference between two points.

Geographical Terms

ANTIPODES	A region or place on the opposite side of a point on the earth.
ANTICYCLONES	Winds which blow outward from the center.
APHELION	Position of the earth in its orbit when is at the maximum distance from the sun.
ARCHIPELAGO	A cluster of islands, e.g., Pearl Islands in the Gulf of Panama.
ATOLL	Coral reef resembling a horse shoe, enclosing a lagoon.
AXIS	An imaginary line joining north and south poles.
AVALANCHE	A vast mass of snow mixed with earth or stones.
BIOSPHERE	Animate or inanimate organic kingdom on earth.
CANYON	A deep valley cut by a river through a mountain region, e,g., the Grand Canyon of the Colarado river in the USA.
CONTINENTAL SHELF	Land adjoining a continent submerged in the sea.
CYCLONES	A low pressure system area in which the wind blows spirally inward.
CROP ROTATION	Growing different crops needing different minerals for their growth in the same piece of land in order to get more yield.
DATE LINE	An imaginary line pointing north-south approximating to the Meridian 180 (east or west) where the date changes by one day the moment it is crossed.
DELTA	Alluvial deposit shaped like Greek letter, formed at the mouth of the river, where it falls into the sea, e.g., the Sunderban delta.
DEW	Condensed atmospheric water vapours due to the cooling of the air.
DRY FARMING	Growing of crops in low rainfall areas by moisture conservation, crop rotation but without irrigation.
EQUATOR	An imaginary line dividing the earth into two equal parts.
EQUINOXES	The day on which nights and days are of equal duration, e.g., March 22 and September 23.
EROSION	Wearing away of the earth's land surface by rain, wind, water, etc. rendering the land infertile.
ECLIPSE	When one earthly body obscures another one partially or completely.
FOG	When the atmospheric moisture touches cold earth and condenses on dust particles.
FROST	When the atmospheric moisture deposits in the shape of icy flakes on the exposed objects or near the ground due to below freezing point temperature.
HIGH SEAS	The parts of the sea which do not come under the territorial jurisdiction of the nations.
ICEBERG	Huge mass of ice separated from glacier in the polar regions. These masses of ice float in the oceans with 9 parts submerged in the ocean and one part visible.
ISOBARS	Lines on the map connecting the places of the same pressure.
ISOTHERMS	Lines on the map joining the places of the same temperature.
ISTHMUS	Narrow neck of land joining two land areas.
KUNDAN	Anew variety of wheat which gives high yields in both rained and irrigated tracts and responds well to low dose of water and fertiliser.
LAGOON	A shallow stream of water at the mouth of a river enclosed bu dunes of river silt.
LIGHT YEAR	The distance traveled by light in one year. It is equal to 9.4*10612 km.
LOCAL TIME	Time calculated from the sun at noon at any place of earth.
MERIDIAN	Imaginary line joining north and south poles and cutting the equator at right angles.
MIST	It is just like fog but contain more moisture.
OASIS	A part of the desert where water and vegetation are found.
ORBIT	The path of the heavenly bodies.
PYGMALLION POINT	The southernmost point of India, 700 km away from mainland India.
PRAIRIES	Smooth, treeless, green plain of Central and North America.
REEF	Jutting of rock or shingle or sand at just above or below sea level.
SAVANNA	Land covered with natural grass.
SIDEREAL DAY	Time taken by the earth to rotate once round its axis.
SNOW LINE	Altitudinal line along which the area remains snow clad.
SPRING TIDES	Higher tides in the ocean caused by the sun and the moon together. When the sun, the earth and the moon are positioned in a straight line.
NEAP TIDES	Tides caused by the differences of the forces exerted by the moon and the sun when both are at right angles to each other.
TORNADO	A brisk and violent storm generally having rotator motion.
TUNDRAS	Peripheral area of Arctic ocean.
TYCOON	Violent hurricane in China Sea.
WEATHER SATELLITE	Artificial satellite designed to forecast weather.
WESTERLIES	Constant winds blowing from south-west in the northern hemisphere and north-west in south hemisphere.

Aircraft ID Mark

Afghanistan	YA
Algeria	7T
Argentina	LQ, LV
Australia	OE
Bangladesh	S2
Belgium	OO
Bolivia	CP
Brazil	PP, PT
Cameroon	TJ
Canada	C, CF
Chile	CC
China	B
Colombia	HK
Cuba	CU
Denmark	OY
Egypt	SU
Ethiopia	ET
Finland	OH
France	F
Germany	D
Greece	SX
India	VT
Indonesia	PK
Iran	EP
Iraq	YI
Israel	4X
Italy	I
Japan	JA
Kuwait	9K
Malaysia	9M
Netherlands	PH
Pakistan	AP
Saudi Arabia	HZ
Singapore	9V
South Africa	ZS, ZT, ZU
Spain	EC
Sri Lanka	4R
UK	G
USA	N
Venezuela	YV
Vietnam	VN
Yugoslavia	YU
Zaire	9Q, 9T
Zimbabwe	Z

SCIENCE TERMINOLOGY

Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a particular field of study. In each science measurement plays an important part. In each science, too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Here are some sciences.

ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound).

ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).

AERODYNAMICS:
(i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases.
(ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air

AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight.

AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in them.

AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts.

AETIOLOGY:The science of causation.

AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition.

AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops.

AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.

AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses.

ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times.

ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.

ANTHROPOLOGY:The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development of mankind.

ARBORICULTURE:Cultivation of trees and vegetables.

ARCHAEOLOGY:The study of antiquities.

ASTROLOGY:The ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help of indications deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly bodies.

ASTRONAUTICS:The science of space travel.

ASTRONOMY: - The study of the heavenly bodies.

ASTROPHYSICS:The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of heavenly bodies.

BACTERIOLOGY: The study of bacteria.

BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of chemical processes of living things.

BIOLOGY: The study of living things.

BIOMETRY:The application of mathematics to the study of living things.

BIONICS:The study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world and the application of this knowledge to the world of machines.

BIONOMICS:The study of the relation of an organism to its environments.

BIONOMY:The science of the laws of life.

BIOPHYSICS:The physics of vital processes (living things).

BOTANY:The study of plants.

CALISTHENICS:The systematic exercises for attaining strength and gracefulness.

CARTOGRAPHY:Science of Map Making.

CERAMICS:The art and technology of making objects from clay, etc. (Pottery).

CHEMISTRY:The study of elementary and their laws of combination and behaviour.

CHEMOTHERAPY:The treatment of disease by using chemical substances.

CHRONOBIOLOGY:The study of the duration of life.

CHRONOLOGY:The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and historical order of past events.

CONCHOLOGY:The branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks.

COSMOGONY:The science of the nature of heavenly bodies.

COSMOGRAPHY: The science that describes and maps the main feature of the universe.

COSMOLOGY:The science of the nature, origin and history of the universe.

CRIMINOLOGY:The study of crime and criminals.

CRYTOGRAPHY:The study of ciphers (secret writings).

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:The study of the structure, forms and properties of crystals.

CRYGENICS:The science dealing with the production, control and application of very low temperatures.

CYTOCHEMISTRY:The branch of cytology dealing with the chemistry of cells.

CYTOGENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the study of heredity from the point of view of cytology and genetics.

CYTOLOGY:The study of cells, especially their formation, structure and functions.

DACTYLOGRAPHY:The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.

DACTYLIOLOGY:The technique of communication by signs made with the fingers. It is generally used by the deaf.

ECOLOGY:The study of the relation of animals and plants to their surroundings, animate and inanimate.

ECONOMETRICS: The application of mathematics in testing economic theories.

ECONOMICS:The science dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

EMBRYOLOGY:The study of development of embryos.

ENTOMOLOGY:The study of insects.

EPIDEMIOLOGY:The branch of medicine dealing with epidemic diseases.

EPIGRAPHY:The study of inscriptions.

ETHICS:Psychological study of moral principles.

ETHNOGRAPHY:A branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures.

ETHNOLOGY:A branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution and distinguishing characteristics of the races of mankind.

ETHOLOGY:The study of animal behaviour.

ETYMOLOGY:The study of origin and history of words.

EUGENICS:The study of the production of better offspring by the careful selection of parents.

GENEALOGY:The study of family ancestries and histories.

GENECOLOGY:The study of genetical composition of plant population in relation to their habitats.

GENESIOLOGY:The science of generation.

GENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity and the laws governing it.

GEOBIOLOGY:The biology of terrestrial life.

GEOBOTANY:The branch of botany dealing with all aspects of relations between plants and the earth's surface.

GEOCHEMISTRY:The study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the changes which take place within it.

GEOGRAPHY:The development of science of the earth's surface, physical features, climate, population, etc.

GEOLOGY:The science that deals with the physical history of the earth.

GEOMEDICINE:The branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climate and environmental conditions on health.

GEOMORPHOLOGY:The study of the characteristics, origin and development of land forms.

GEOPHYSICS:The physics of the earth.

GERONTOLOGY:The study of old age, its phenomena, diseases, etc.

HELIOTHEARPY: The sun cure.

HISTOLOGY:The study of tissues.

HORTICULTURE:The cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.

HYDRODYNAMICS:The mathematical study of the forces, energy and pressure of liquid in motion.

HYDROGRAPHY:The science of water measurements of the earth with special reference of their use for navigation.

HYDROLOGY:The study of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the hydrosphere and atmosphere.

HYDROMETALLURGY:The process of extracting metals at ordinary temperature by bleaching ore with liquids.

HYDROPATHY:The treatment of disease by the internal and external use of water.

HYDROPONICS:The cultivation of plants by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions rather than in soil.

HYDROSTATICS: The mathematical study of forces and pressure in liquids.

HYGIENE:The science of health and its preservation.

LCONOGRAPHY:Teaching with the aid of pictures and models.

LCONOLOGY:The study of symbolic representations.

JURISPRUDENCE:The science of law.

LEXICOGRAPHY:The writing or compiling of dictionaries.

MAMMOGRAPHY:Radiography of the mammary glands.

METALLOGRAPHY:The study of the crystalline structures of metals and alloys.

METALLURGY:The process of extracting metals from their ores.

METEOROLOGY:The science of the atmosphere and its phenomena.

METROLOGY:The scientific study of weights and measures.

MICROBIOLOGY:The study of minute living organisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic protozoa.

MOLECCULAR BIOLOGY:The study of the structure of the molecules which are of importance in biology.

MORPHOLOGY:The science of organic forms and structures.

MYCOLOGY:The study of fungi and fungus diseases.

NEUROLOGY:The study of the nervous system, its functions and its disorders.

NEUROPATHOLOGY:The study of diseases of the nervous system.

NUMEROLOGY:The study of numbers. The study of the date and year of one's birth and to determine the influence on one's future life.

NUMISMATICS:The study of coins and medals.

ODONTOGRAPHY:A description of the teeth.

ODONTOLOGY:The scientific study of the teeth.

OPTICS:The study of nature and properties of light.

ORNITHOLOGY:The study of birds.

ORTHOEPY:The study of correct pronunciation.

ORTHOPEDICS:The science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of musculoskeletal systems.

OSTEOLOGY:The study of the bones.

OSTEOPATHOLOGY:Any disease of bones.

OSTEOPATHY:A therapeutic system based upon detecting and correcting faulty structure.

PALEOBOTANY:The study of fossil plants.

PALEONTOLOGY:The study of fossils.

PALYNOLOGY:The pollen analysis.

PATHOLOGY:The study of diseases.

PEDAGOGY:The art or method of teaching.

PHARYNGOLOGY:The science of the pharynx and its diseases.

PHENOLOGY:The study of periodicity phenomena of plants.

PHILATELY:The collection and study of postage stamps, revenue stamps, etc.

PHILOLOGY:The study of written records, their authenticity, etc.

PHONETICS:The study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception, etc.

PHOTOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.

PHENOLOGY:The study of the faculties and qualities of minds from the shape of the skull.

PHTHISIOLOGY:The scientific study of tuberculosis.

PHYCOLOGY:The study of algae.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE:The study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to living matters, as in physics, chemistry and astronomy.

PHYSICS:The study of the properties of matter.

PHYSIOGRAPHY:The science of physical geography.

PHYSIOLOGY:The study of the functioning of the various organs of living beings.

PHYTOGENY:Origin and growth of plants.

POMOLOGY:The science that deals with fruits and fruit growing.

PSYCHOLOGY:The study of human and animal behaviour.

RADIO ASTRONOMY:The study of heavenly bodies by the reception and analysis of the radio frequency electromagnetic radiations which they emit or reflect.

RADIOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology which deals with the effects of radiations on living organisms.

RADIOLOGY:The study of X-rays and radioactivity.

RHEOLOGY:The study of the deformation and flow of matter.

SEISMOLOGY:The study of earthquakes and the phenomena associated with it.

SELENOLOGY:The scientific study of moon, its nature, origin, movements, etc.

SERICULTURE:The raising of silk worms for the production of raw silk.

SOCIOLOGY:The study of human society.

SPECTROSCOPE:The study of matter and energy by the use of spectroscope.

TELEOLOGY:These study of the evidences of design or purpose in nature.

TELEPATHY:Communication between minds by some means other than sensory perception.

THERAPEUTICS:The science and art of healing.

TOPOGRAPHY:A special description of a part or region

TAXICOLOGY:The study of poisons.

VIROLOGY:The study of viruses.

ZOOLOGY:The study of animal life.

IMPORTANTS OF LAWS AND PRINCIPALS

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE:
When a body is immersed either wholly or partially in a fluid at rest, the apparent loss of weight suffered by it is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

AVOGADRO's LAW:
Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

BLACK BODY RADIATION:
A black body absorbs heat or radiates heat more quickly than any other body.

BOILING POINT:
It increases with the increase of pressure. The presence of impurities also raises the boiling point of a liquid.

CENTRE OF GRAVITY:
A body will remain at rest only if the vertical line through the centres of gravity passes through the base of support of the body.

COULOMB'S LAW:
The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance between them is doubled.

FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS:
The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed. The masses of substances liberated or deposited by the same quantity of electric charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:
In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum total of the masses of all the products of a chemical change is exactly equal to the sum total of the substances from which these products have been formed.

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS:
The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy of the system and the external work done. It is impossible to construct a continuous self-acting machine that can pump heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature.

LENZ'S LAW:
When an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the induction.

MASS - ENERGY EQUATION:
E = mc², where E = quantity of energy released from the annihilation of matter of mass 'm', c = velocity of light. It implies that mass and energy are interchangeable.

NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING:
The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess of mean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is not too large.

NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION:
Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force, directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION:
Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by a force [called Law of Inertia].

The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

OHM'S LAW:
The amount of current flowing in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery on dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional the potential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance.

RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT:
Light travels in a straight line. Total internal reflection takes place when a ray of light tries to pass from a denser medium to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than the critical angle.

Nobel Prize Winners - Economics

Year	Name	Country
1969	Ragnar Frisch Jan Tinbergen	Norwegian Dutch
1970	Paul A.Samuelson	U.S.
1971	Simon Kuznets	U.S.
1972	Kenneth J. Arrow John R. Hicks	U.S. Britain
1973	Wassily Leontief	U.S.
1974	Gunnar Myrdal Friedrich A.von Hayek	Sweden Australia
1975	Tjalling Koopmans Leonid Kantorovich	Dutch-U.S USSR
1976	Milton Friedman	U.S.
1977	Bertil Ohlin James E. Meade	Swedish Britain
1978	Herbert A. Simon	U.S.
1979	Theodore W. Schultz Sir Arthur Lewis	U.S. Britain
1980	Lawrence R. Klein	U.S.
1981	James Tobin	U.S.
1982	George J. Stigler	U.S.
1983	Gerard Debreu	France - U.S.
1984	Richard Stone	Britain
1985	Franco Modigliani	Italy - U.S.
1986	James M.Buchanan	U.S.
1987	Robert M. Solow	U.S.
1988	Maurice Allais	France
1989	Trygve Haavelmo	Norway
1990	Harry M. Markowitz William F. Sharpe, Merton H. Miller	U.S.
1991	Ronald H.Coase	Britain - U.S
1992	Gary S.Becker	U.S.
1993	Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North	U.S.
1994	John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash	U.S.
1995	Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C.Norht	U.S.
1996	James A. Mirrlees William Vickrey	Uk Canada
1997	Robert C. Merton, Myron S.Scholes	U.S.
1998	Amarty Sen	India
1999	Robert Mundell	Canada
2000	James J. Heckman Daniel L. McFadden	USA USA
2001	George A. Akerlof A. Michael Spence Joseph E. Stiglitz	USA USA USA
2002	Daniel Kahneman Vernon L. Smith	USA USA

Nobel Prize Winners-Medicine & Physiology

Year	Name	Country
1901	Emil A. Von Behring	Germany
1902	Sir Ronald Ross	Britain
1903	Niels R. Finsen	Danish
1904	Ivan P. Pavlov	Russia
1905	Robert Koch	Germany
1906	Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon Y Cajal	Italy Spain
1907	Charles L.A. Laveran	France
1908	Paul Ehrlich Elie Metchnikoff	Germany France
1909	Emil T. Kocher	Switzerland
1910	Albrecht Kossel	Grmany
1911	Allvar Gullstrand	Sweden
1912	Alexis Carrel	France
1913	Charles R. Richet	France
1914	Robert Barany	Australia
1919	Jules Border	Belgium
1920	Schack A.S.Krogh	Dan
1922	Archibald V. Hill Otto F. Meyerhof	Britain Germany
1923	Frederick G. Banting John J.R.Macleod	Canada Scotland
1924	willem Einthoven	Dutch
1926	Johannes A.G Fibiger	Dan
1927	JUllius Wagner-Jauregg	Australia
1928	Charles J.H. Nicolle	France
1929	Christiaan Eijkman Sir Frederick G.Hopkings	Dutch Britain
1930	Karl Landsteiner	U.S
1931	Otto H. Warburg	Germany
1932	Edgar D. Adrian, Sir Charles S. Sherrington	Britain
1933	Thomas H.organ	U.S.
1934	George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, G.H. Whipple	U.S.
1935	Hans Spemann	Germany
1936	Sir Henry H. Dale Otto Lowei	Britain U.S.
1937	Albert Szent-Gyorgyl	Honkong-U.S.
1938	Cornelle J.F. Heymans	Belgium
1939	Gerhard Domagk	Germany
1943	Henrik C.P. Dam Edward A. Doisy	Dan U.S.
1944	Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S.Gasser	U.S.
1945	Ernst B. Chain Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Howard W. Florey	Britain
1946	Hermann J.Muller	U.S.
1947	Carl F.Cori, Gerty T. Cormboth Bernardo A. Houssay	U.S. Aregentina
1948	Paul H. Muller	Switzweland
1949	Walter R. Hess,	Switzerland
1950	Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall Tadeus reichstein	U.S. Switzerland
1951	Max Theiler	U.S
1952	Selman A. Waksman	U.S.
1953	Hans A. Krebs Fritz A. Lipmann	Britain U.S.
1954	John F.Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas H. Weller	U.S
1955	AlexH.T Theorell	Sweden
1956	Andre F. Coumand,Dickinson W.Richards Jr. Wener Forssmann	U.S. Germany
1957	Daniel Bovet	Italy
1958	George W. Beadle, Edward L. Tatum, Joshua Lederberg	U.S.
1959	Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa	U.S.
1960	Sir F MacFarlane Bument Peter B. Medawar	Australia Britain
1961	Georg von Bekesy	U.S.
1962	Francis H.C.rick, Maurice H.F. Wilkins James D. Wastson	Britain U.S.
1963	Sir John C.Eccles Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley	Australia Britain
1964	Konard E.Bloch Feodor Letnen	U.S Germany
1965	Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff, Jsvquew Monod	France
1966	Charles B. Huggins, Francis Peyton Rous	U.S.
1967	Ragnar Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wals	Sweden U.S.
1968	Robert W. Holly, Marshall W. Nirenberg H. Gobind Khorana	U.S. Indian U.S. citizen
1969	Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador Luria	U.S.
1970	Julius Axelrod Sir Bernard Katz Ulfvon Euler	U.S. Britain Sweden
1971	Earl W. Sutherland Jr.	U.S.
1972	Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R.Porter	U.S. Britain
1973	Karl Von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolass Tinbergen	Geramny Germany-Australia Britain
1974	Albert Claude, Lux George Emil Palade Christian Rene De Duve	U.S. Rom-U.S. Belgium
1975	Davidaltimore, Howard Temin Renato Dulbecco	U.S.Italy-U.S
1976	Baruch S.Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek	U.S.
1977	Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C.L. Guilemin, Andrew V. Schaly	U.S.
1978	Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O.Smith Werner Arber	U.S. Switzerland
1979	Alian M. Cormack Geoffrey N. Hounsfield	U.S. Britain
1980	Baruj Benacerraf, George Snell Jean Dausset	U.S France
1981	Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Tosten N. Wisel	U.S.
1982	Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelsson John R.Vane	Sweden Britan
1983	Barbara McClintock	U.S.
1984	Cesar Milstein, Georges J.F. Koehler Niels K. Jerne,	Britain-Argentina Germany Britain
1985	Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein	U.S.
1986	Rita Levi-Montalcini Stanley Cohen	Italy-U.S. U.S.
1987	Susumu Tonegawa	Japan
1988	Gertrude B. Elion, GEorge H. Hitchings Sir James Black	U.S. Britain
1989	J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus	U.S.
1990	Joseph E. Murray,E. Donnall Thomas	U.S.
1991	Edwin Neher, Beryt Sakmann	Germany
1992	Edmond H. Fisher, Edwin G. Krebs Stanley Cohen	U.S.
1993	Philip A.Sharp Richard J. Roberts	U.S. Britain
1994	Alfred Q. Gilman, Martin Rodbell	U.S.
1995	Edward Lewis, Eric Wieschaus Christiane Nusslein Volhard	U.S. Germany
1996	Peter Doherty Rolf Zinkernagel	Australia Switzerland
1997	Staneley Prusiner	U.S.
1998	Robert F.Furchgott, Louis J.Ignarro, Ferid Murad	U.S.
1999	Guenter Blobel	USA
2000	Dr.Arvid Carlsson Dr.Paul Greengard Dr.Eric Kandel	Sweden U.S U.S
2001	Leland H. Hartwell Tim Hunt Sir Paul Nurse	USA UK UK
2002	Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston	UK USA UK

Nobel Prize Winners - Literature

Year	Name	Country
1901	Rene F.A. Sully Prudhomme	Franch
1902	Theodor Mommsen	Germany
1903	Bjornsterne Bjornson	Norway
1904	Frederic Mistral Jose Echegaray	Franch Spain
1905	Henryk Sienkiewicz	Poland
1906	Giosue Carducci	Italy
1907	Rudyard Kipling	Britain
1908	Rudolf C. Eucken	Germany
1909	Selma Lagerlof	Sweden
1910	Paul J.L.Heyse	Germany
1911	Maurice Maeterlinck	Belgium
1912	Gerhart Hauptmann	Germany
1913	Rabindranath Tagore	India
1915	Romain Rolland	France
1916	Verner von Heidenstam	Sweden
1917	Karl A. Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan	Danish
1919	Carl F.G. Spitteler	Switzerland
1920	Kunt Hamsun	Norway
1921	Anatolle France	France
1922	Jacinto Benavente	Spanish
1923	William Butker	Iran
1924	Wladyslaw S. Reymont	Poland
1925	George Bernard Shaw	Iran-Britain
1926	Grazia Deledda	Itally
1927	Henri Bergson	France
1928	Sigrid Undset	Norway
1929	Thomas Mann	German
1930	Sinclair Lewis	U.S.
1931	Erik A. Karlfeldt	Sweden
1932	John Galsworthy	Britain
1933	Ivan A. Bunin	USSR
1934	Luigi Pirandello	Italy
1936	Eugene O'Neill	U.S.
1937	Roger Martin de Gard	France
1938	Pearl S.Buck	U.S.
1939	Frans E. Sillanpa	Finnish
1944	Johannes V. Jensen	Danish
1945	Gabriels Mistral	Chilean
1946	Hermann Hesse	Switzwerland
1947	Andre Gide	France
1948	T.S.Eliot	Britain
1949	william Fauljner	U.S.
1950	Bertrand Russell	Britain
1951	RarF.Lagerkvist	Sweden
1952	Francois Mauriac	France
1953	Sir Winston Churchill	Britain
1954	Ernest Hemingway	U.S.
1955	Halldor K. Laxness	Icelandic
1956	Juan Ramon Jimenez	Spain
1957	Albert Camus	France
1958	Boris L.Pasternak	USSR
1959	Salvatore Quasimodo	Italy
1960	Saint-John Perse	France
1961	Ivo Andric	Yugoslavia
1962	John Steinbeck	U.S.
1963	Giorgos Seferis
1964	Jean Paul Sartre	France
1965	Mikhail Sholokhov	USSR
1966	Samuel Joseph Agnon Nelly Sachs	Isreal Sweden
1967	Muguel Angel Asturias	Guate
1968	Yasunari Kawabata	Japan
1969	Samuel Beckett	Iran
1970	Aleksandr I. Solzhenisyn	USSR
1971	Pablo Neruda	Chilean
1972	Heinrich Boll	West Germany
1973	Patrick White	Austral
1974	Eyvind Johnson, Harry Edmund Martinson	Sweden
1975	Eugenio Montale	Italy
1976	Saul Bellow	U.S.
1977	Vicente Aleixandre	Spain
1978	Isaac Bashevis Singer	U.S.
1979	Odysseus Elytis	Gk
1980	Czerslaw Milosz	Poland-U.S.
1981	Elias Canetti	Bulgium-Britain
1982	Gabriel HGarcia Marquez	Colombian-Mexico
1983	William Golding	Britain
1984	Jaroslav Siefert	Czech
1985	Claude Simon	France
1986	Wole Soyinka	Nigerian
1987	Joseph Brodsky	USSR-U.S.
1988	Naguib Mahfouz	England
1989	Camilo Jose Cela	Spain
1990	Octavio Paz	Mexico
1991	Nadine Gordimer	South Africa
1992	Derek Walcott	West India
1993	Toni Morrison	U.S.
1994	Kenzaburo Oe	Japan
1995	Seamus Heaney	Iran
1996	Wislawa zymorska	Poland
1997	Dario Fo	Italy
1998	Jose Saramago	Portugal
1999	Gunter Grass	Germany
2000	Gao Xingjian	China
2001	V.S. Naipaul
2002	Imre Kertész

Nobel Prize Winners Physics

Year	Name	Nations
1901	Wilhelm C.Roentgen	Germany
1902	Hendrik A.Lorentz & Pieter Zeeman	Dutch
1903	Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie	France
1904	John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh	Britain
1905	Philipp E.A.Von Lenard	Germany
1906	Sir. Joseph J.Thomson	Britain
1907	Albert A.Michelson	U.S
1908	Gabriel Lippmann	Franch
1909	Carl F. Braun Guglielmo Marconi	Germany Italy
1910	Johannes D. Van der Waals	Dutch
1911	Wilhelm Wien	Germany
1912	Nils G. Dalen	Sweden
1913	Heike kamerlingh Onnes	Dutch
1914	Max von Laue	Germany
1915	Sir William H. Bragg, Sir William H. Bragg	Britain
1917	Charles G. Barkla	Britain
1918	Max K.E.L. Planck	Germany
1919	Johnnes Stark	Germany
1920	Charles E.Guillaume	France
1921	Albert Einstein	Germany - U.S.
1922	Niels Bohr	Danish
1923	Robert A. Millikan	U.S
1924	Karl M.G. Siegbahn	Sweden
1925	James Franck, Gustav Hertz	Germany
1926	Jean B. Perrin	France
1927	Arthur H.Compton Charles T.R Wilson	U.S Britain
1928	Owen W. Richardson	Britain
1929	Prince Louis-victor de Broglie	France
1930	Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman	India
1932	Werner Heisenberg	Germany
1933	Paul A.M. Dirac Erwin Schrodinger	Britain Australia
1935	Sir James Chadwick	Britain
1936	Carl D. Anderson Victor F. Hess	U.S Australia
1937	Cliton J. Davisson Sir Geroge P. Thomson	U.S. Britain
1938	Enrico Fermi	Italy U.S
1939	Ernest O. Lawrence	U.S.
1943	Otto Stern	U.S
1944	Isidor Issac Rabi	U.S.
1945	Wolfgang Pauli	U.S
1946	Percy Williams Bridgman	U.S.
1947	Sir Edward V. Appleton	Britain
1948	Patrick M.S.Blackett	Britain
1949	Hideki Yukawa	Japan
1950	Cecil f. Powell	Britain
1951	Sir John D. Cockroft Ernest T.S.Walton	Britain Iran
1952	Felix Bloch Edward M. Purcell	U.S
1953	Frits Zernike	Dutch
1954	Max Born Walter Bothe	Britain Germany
1955	Polykarp Kusch, Willis E.Lamb	U.S
1956	John Bardeen Walter H. Brattain William Shockley	U.S
1957	Tsung-dao-Lee Chenning Yang	U.S
1958	Pavel Cherenkov Ilya Frank, Igor Y. Tamm	USSR
1959	Owen Chamberlain Emilio G.Segre	U.S
1960	Donald A. Glaser	U.S
1961	Robert Hofstadter Rudolf L. Mossbauer	U.S Germany
1962	Lev. D. Landau	USSR
1963	Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Eugene P. Wigner J. Hans D. Jensen	U.S Germany
1964	Nikolai G. Basov, aleksander M. Prochorov Charles H. Townes	USSR U.S
1965	Richard P. Feynman Julian S. Schwinger Shinichiro Tomonaga	U.S Japan
1966	Alfred Kastler	Franch
1967	Hans A. Bethe	U.S
1968	Luis W. Alvarez	U.S
1969	Murray Gell-Mann	U.S
1970	Louis Neel,br>Hammes Alfven	France Switzerland
1971	Dennis Gabor	Britain
1972	John Bardeen Leon N. Cooper John R. Schrieffer	U.S
1973	Ivar Giaever Leo Esaki Vrian D. Josephson	U.S Japan Britain
1974	Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish	Britain
1975	James Rainwater Ben Mottelson Aage Bohr	U.S U.S-Danish Danish
1976	Burton Richter Samuel C.C Ting	U.S
1977	John H.Van Vleck,Philip W. Anderson Nevill F. Mott	U.S Britain
1978	Pyotr Kapitsa Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson	USSR U.S
1979	steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. Glashow Abdus Salam	U.S Pakistan
1980	James W. Cronin Val L. fitch	U.S
1981	Nicolass Bloembergen, Arthur Schaalow Kai M.Siegbahn	U.S Sweden
1982	Kenneth G. Wilson	U.S
1983	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William a. Fowler	Indian U.S Citizen U.S
1984	Carlo Rubbia Simonvan der Meer	Italy Dutch
1985	Klaus von Klitzing	West Germany
1986	Ernest Ruska,br>Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer	Germany West Germany Swiss
1987	K.Alex Muller J. Georg Bednorz	Switzerland West Germany
1988	Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Jack Steinberger	U.S
1989	Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wo9lfgang Paul	U.S. Grmany-U.S. Germany
1990	Richard E. Taylor Jerome I. Griedman, Hendry W.Kendall	Canada U.S
1991	Pierre - Giles de Gennes	France
1992	Georges Charpak	Poland - France
1993	Joseph H. Taylor, Russell A. Hulse	U.S.
1994	Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull	Canada U.S
1995	Martin L. Perl of Standfrod University and Frederick Reins of the University of California	Switzerland U.S.
1996	David M.Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C.Richardson	U.S
1997	Steven Chu, William D. Phillips Claude Cohen Tannoudji	U.S. France
1998	Prof. Robert B. Laughlin, Prof Horst L. Stormer, Prof. Daniel C. Tsui	U.S
1999	Gerardus T. Hooft, Martinus J.D. Veltman	Netherland
2000	Mr.Zhores I.Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack Kilby	Russia German
2001	Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman	USA German USA
2002	Raymond Davis Jr. Riccardo Giacconi Masatoshi Koshiba	USA USA Japan

Nobel Prize Winners - Chemistry

Year	Name	Country
1901	Jacobus H. Vant's Hoff	Dutch
1902	Emil fischer	Germany
1903	Svante A. Arrhenius	Sweden
1904	Sir William Ramsay	Britain
1905	Adolf von Beayer	Germany
1906	Henri Moissan	France
1907	Eduard Buchner	Germany
1908	Ernest Rutherford	Britain
1909	Wilhelm Ostwald	Germany
1910	Otto Wallach	Germany
1911	Marie Curie	Poland Franch
1912	Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier	Franch
1913	Alfred Werner	Switzerland
1914	Theodore W. Richards	U.S
1915	Richard M. Willstatter	Germany
1918	Fritz Haber	Germany
1920	Walther H. Nernst	Germany
1921	Frederick Soddy	Britain
1922	Francis W. Aston	Britain
1923	Fritz Pregl	Australia
1925	Richard A. Zsigmondy	Germany
1926	theodor Svedberg	sweden
1927	Heinrich O. Wieland	Germany
1928	Adolf O. R. Windaus	Germany
1929	Sir Arthur Harden Han von Euler-Chelpin	Britain Sweden
1930	Hans Fischer	Germany
1931	Friedrich Berguis, Karl Bosch	Germany
1932	Irving Langmuir	U.S
1934	Harold C. Urey	U.S
1935	Frederic Joliot-Curie, Irene Joliot Curie	Franch
1936	Peter J.W. Debyr	Dutch
1937	Walter N. Haworth Paul Karrer	Britain Swistzerland
1938	Richard Kuhn	Germany
1939	Adolf F.J. Butenandt Leopold Ruzicka	Britain switzerland
1943	Georg de Hevesy	Hungary
1944	Otto Hahn	Germany
1945	Artturi I, Virtanen	Finnish
1946	James B. Summer, John H.Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley	U.S
1947	Sir Robert Robinson	Britain
1948	Arne W.K. Tiselius	Sweden
1949	William F. Giauque	Switzerland
1950	Kurt Alder, Otto P.H. Diels	Germany
1951	Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg	U.S
1952	Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synjge	U.S
1953	Hermann Staudinger	Germany
1954	Linus C. Pauling	U.S
1955	Vincent du Vigneaud	U.S
1956	Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood, Nikolai N. Semenov	Britain USSR
1957	Sir Alexander R. Todd	Britain
1958	Frederick Sanger	Britain
1959	Jarpslav Heyr9vsky	Czech
1960	Willard F. Libby	U.S
1961	Melvini calvin	U.S
1962	John C. Kendrew, Max F. Perutz	Britain
1963	Giulio Natta Kal Ziegler	Italy Germany
1964	Dorothy C. Hodgkin	Britain
1965	Robert B. Woodward	U.S.
1966	Robert S.Mulliken	U.S
1967	Manfred Eigen Ronald G. W.Norrish, George Porter	Germany Britain
1968	Lars Onsager	U.S
1969	Derek H.R. Barton Odd Hassel	Britain Norway
1970	Luis F. Leloir
1971	Gerhard Herzberg	Canada
1972	Chriistian B. Aninsen, Stanford Moore, William H.Stein	U.S
1973	Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson	West Germany Britain
1974	Paul J. Flory	U.S
1975	John Cornforth, Austral Vladimir Prelog, Yugo	Britain Switzerland
1976	William N. Lipscomb	U.S
1977	Ilya Prigogine	Belgium
1978	Peter Mitchell	Britain
1979	Herbert C. Brown Geroge Wittig	Britain U.S. Germany
1980	Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger	U.S U.K
1981	Kenichi Fukui Roald Hoffmann	Japan U.S.
1982	Aaron Klug	South Africa
1983	Henry Tabue	Canada
1984	Bruce Merrifield	U.S
1985	Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle	U.S
1986	Dudley Herchbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi	U.S. Canada
1987	Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pepdersen Jean-Marie Lehn	Britain U.S. French
1988	Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel	West Germany
1989	Thomas R. Cech, Sidney Altman	Britain U.S
1990	Elias James Corey	U.S
1991	Richard R. Ernst	Switzerland
1992	RudolphA. Marcus	Canada, U.S
1993	Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith	U.S. Britain-Canada
1994	George A.Olah	U.S
1995	Paul Crutzeen Mario Molina, F. Sherwood Roland	Netherland U.S
1996	Robert Curl Jr., Richard Smallery Sir Harold Kroto	U.S. britain
1997	Paul Boyer John Walker Dane Jensskou	U.S Britain Denmark
1998	Dr.Walter Kohn Dr. John A. Pople	Australia-U.S Britain-U.S
1999	Ahmed Zewail	USA
2000	Alan Heeger Alan G. Macidiarmid Hideki Shirakawa	USA USA Japan
2001	William S. Knowles Ryoji Noyori K. Barry Sharpless	USA Japan USA
2002	John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wüthrich	USA Japan Switzerland